1- izLrkouk &

fdlh vkink dh fLFkfr ds nkSjku vkSj mlds rqjar ckn lapkj egRoiw.kZ gS çfrfØ;k vkSj iquiZzkfIr dk ?kVd] blesa ;g çHkkfor yksxksa] ifjokjksa dks tksM+rk gS] vkSj çFke mÙkjnkrkvksa] lgk;rk ç.kkfy;ksa vkSj vU; ifjokj okys leqnk; lnL;- fo'oluh; ,oa lqyHk lapkj ,oa lwpuk ç.kkfy;k¡ Hkh gSa fdlh leqnk; ds yphysiu dh dqath vkink esa lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dh Hkwfedk dks vfHkUu ekuk x;k gS yacs le; rd çca/ku- ;|fi lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dk vuqç;ksx vkink çca/ku ds lHkh pkj vyx&vyx pj.kksa vFkkZr~ 'keu] esa bldh Hkwfedk gksrh gSA rS;kjh] çfrfØ;k vkSj iquiZzkfIr] vf/kdka'k vuqç;ksx ikjaifjd :i ls gksrs jgs gSa çfrfØ;k vkSj iquiZzkfIr pj.kksa esaA u;k lapkj vkSj lwpuk fiNys nks n'kdksa esa tks çkS|ksfxfd;k¡ mHkjh gSa os Lo;a dks m/kkj nsrh gSa fofHkUu lapkj ç.kkfy;ksa ds ,dhdj.k dh vf/kd laHkkouk,¡A baVjusV] eksckbyQksu] QSDl] bZ&esy] jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfotu lfgr fofHkUu lapkj ç.kkfy;ksa dh varjlapkyuh;rk rsth ls dk;kZRed gksrh tk jgh gSA ds rkSj ij ifj.kke] 'keu esa lapkj çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds vuqç;ksx dh laHkkouk,¡ vkSj vkinkvksa dh jksdFkke Hkh c<+ jgh gS vkink çca/ku ds fy, lapkj lHkh vkink vkikrfLFkfr;k¡ vkSj ladV dh ?kVuk,¡ LokHkkfod :i ls vjktd vkSj vR;f/kd gksrh gSa xfr'khy] 'kkjhfjd] HkkoukRed vkSj lkekftd vO;oLFkk iSnk djrk gSA ,slh ladViw.kZ ?kVukvksa esa vkSj vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr esa] vkink çca/ku ds lHkh pj.kksa esa lapkj egRoiw.kZ gSA

vkikRdkyhu fLFkfr ds nkSjku lapkj esa mik;ksa dh ,d foLr`r J`a[kyk 'kkfey gksrh gS leqnk;ksa vkSj i;kZoj.k ds fy, tksf[keksa dk çca/ku djsaA vkink vkus ls igys] nwjlapkj dk mi;ksx lwpuk çlkfjr djus ds fy, ,d ek/;e ds :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gS bl çdkj vklUu [krjk] yksxksa ds fy, vko';d phtsa ysuk laHko cukrk gS bu [krjksa ds çHkko dks de djus ds fy, lko/kkfu;kaA vU; nwjlapkj fjeksV lsaflax vkSj Xykscy iksft'kfuax flLVe ¼thih,l½ lfgr vuqç;ksx gSa vkus okys [krjksa ij utj j[kus] vf/kdkfj;ksa dks lpsr djus] psrkouh nsus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk,¡ çHkkfor vkcknh] jkgr dk;ksaZ dk leUo;] {kfr dk vkdyu vkfn iqufuZekZ.k ds fy, leFkZu tqVkukA vr% ;g Li"V gS fd nwjlapkj vkink dh jksdFkke] 'keu vkSj çca/ku esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk,aA ck<+] rwQku] pØokr] lqukeh] vkx vkfn tSlh çk—frd vkink ds le; esa ;g lkekU; ckr gS lapkj ds lk/ku tSls Qksu] eksckby vkfn dke ugha dj ldrs gSa ;k [kks, gq, gks ldrs gSa foifÙk- cM+s iSekus ij lekt dh vPNh rjg ls j{kk dh tkuh pkfg, vkSj lqj{kk nh tkuh pkfg, iqfyl ;k vkink çca/ku cyksa }kjk rqjar vkSj rqjar dkjZokbZ dh tkuh pkfg,A bl çdkj vkink çca/ku ny dks vPNh rjg ls çf'kf{kr vkSj loksZÙke lqfo/kkvksa ls lqlfTtr gksuk pkfg, ,sls midj.k tks mUgsa ml fLFkfr ds ckjs esa crkus esa enn dj ldrs gSa ftlesa os gSa ftl {ks= esa os dke djrs gSa ogka vkink dh fLFkfrA

lapkj çkS|ksfxdh %& bu vkink çca/ku lapkj ç.kkfy;ksa dks fo'oluh;rk ij /;ku nsuk pkfg, pw¡fd bu ç.kkfy;ksa dh vko';drk nwj&njkt ds fgLlksa esa vf/kd vkSj dqN le; ds fy, Hkh gks ldrh gS xgjs leqæ vkSj ioZr pksfV;ksa tSls nqxZe {ks=A ge cgqr lkjs yksxksa dks ns[krs gSa taxyksa ;k igkM+ksa esa VªSfdax ds nkSjku [kks tkukA ds nkSjku dbZ nq?kZVuk,a gksrh gSa fgeL[kyu vkSj HkwL[kyu- blfy, ,d lapkj ç.kkyh fo'oluh; gksuh pkfg, vkSj gksuh gh pkfg, gj le; dk;Z'khy fLFkfr esaA bl çdkj mixzg ladsrksa ds lkFk foLr`r {ks= usVodZ gS vkerkSj ij vuq'kaflr- dbZ ubZ [kkstsa vkSj lapkj dk mi;ksx vklku le;≤ ij xStsV is'k fd, tkrs gSaA nwjnjkt ds bykdksa ls lapkj LFkkfir djuk ,d cM+h pqukSrh jgh gS mixzg lapkj dk vkxeu] nwjLFk dusfDVfoVh dh leL;k vkSj nwj&njkt ds bykdksa dk lek/kku gks x;k gS- mixzg lapkj dh lqfo/kk çnku djrk gS ,d ;k dbZ mixzgksa dk mi;ksx djds {ks=ksa ¼jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;½ dks doj djukA de vFkZ v‚fcZV ¼LEO½ mixzg dqN lkS dh nwjh ij i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj ifjØek djrs gSa fjeksV lsaflax vkfn dh lqfo/kk,a çnku djus okys fdyksehVjA vkink çca/ku esa lSVsykbV jsfM;ks egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ,fj;y LuSi 'k‚V~l mixzgksa ls vkink dh xaHkhjrk dk Hkh irk pyrk gS vkSj os yxHkx irk Hkh yxk ldrs gSa ml LFkku dk vPNk –'; çkIr djus ds fy, fdlh Hkh {ks= ds djhc tk,¡A lapkj gS fuf'pr :i ls bl nqfu;k dks ,d oSf'od xkao ds :i esa cuk;k x;k gS ftlesa ge rwQku ns[k ldrs gSa vesfjdk esa rksM+QksM+ gekjs Vsyhfotu lsVksa ij ykbo gksrh gSA gekjk thou vPNh rjg ls lqjf{kr gS ekSle foKku foHkkx laHkkfor vkinkvksa dh Hkfo";ok.kh djrk gSA baVjusV rduhd ;g gesa ehyksa nwj jgus okys vius fç;tuksa ds lkFk fudV laidZ esa jgus esa enn djrk gSA {k.k gekjs fdlh djhch ds lkFk nq?kZVuk gksrh gS rks gesa rqjar lwpuk fey tkrh gSA ok;jysl lapkj e‚Mîwy bu fnuksa yksdfç; gSa D;ksafd os mixzg dk mi;ksx djrs gSa lapkj ds fy, flXuy vkSj ge eksVksjksyk oh,p,Q esa ls fdlh dh vuq'kalk djsaxs e‚My tks LFkkuh; lapkj ds fy, iksVsZcy gSa vkSj dksMu ,uthVh ,lvkj,Dl ds fy, gSa yach nwjh dk lapkj- ,d iksVsZcy fjihVj flLVe oh,p,Q ftldk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS ,d okgu ls vkSj vkink {ks= ds vklikl lapkj çnku djsxk fo'ks"kKksa }kjk bldh vR;f/kd vuq'kalk dh tkrh gSA vkikrdkyhu lapkj ds fy, uhfr vkSj laLFkkxr <kapk uhfr vkSj fofu;e vkikrdkyhu lapkj ds egRoiw.kZ rRo gSa ;kstuk vkSj çca/ku- çHkkoh LFkkiuk esa eq[; ck/kkvksa esa ls ,d vkink 'keu ds fy, nwjlapkj ds {ks= esa dkuwuh vkSj fu;ked dk vHkko gS ç'kkluA

çR;sd Lrj ij fof'k"V lsokvksa ds chp {kSfrt lg;ksx bl çdkj gS vkikrdkyhu lapkj ds fy, lapkj dh Å/kZ~ok/kj js[kkvksa ds :i esa vko';dA blds fy, vkink leUo;dksa] nwjlapkj ds chp LFkkfir laca/kksa dh vko';drk gS çR;sd Lrj ij vf/kdkjh vkSj lsok çnkrkA ljdkjksa dks egRoiw.kZ dne mBkus dh t:jr gS lkoZtfud nwjlapkj m|e ds ,dkf/kdkj dks [kRe djus ds fy, dne orZeku nwjlapkj dkuwu dh leh{kk djuk Hkh 'kkfey gS vkikrdkyhu nwjlapkj ç.kkfy;ksa vkSj çksVksd‚y dks 'kkfey djus okys fofu;e vkikrdkyhu lsokvksa dk leFkZu djsa-

pqukSfr;k¡ %&

1- çHkkoh çkjafHkd psrkouh ds cqfu;knh fl)karksa dh le> dks c<+kok nsuk ç.kkyh mHkjrh lapkj çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk çHkkoh vuqç;ksx gks ldrk gS bldk ,glkl dsoy rHkh gksrk gS tc os ,d lq–<+ iwoZ psrkouh ç.kkyh ij vk/kkfjr fgLlk curs gSa vPNh rjg ls LFkkfir cqfu;knh fl)karA

2- lapkj çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds vuqç;ksx dk varj&{ks=h; ,dhdj.k fiNys dqN o"kksaZ esa lapkj çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds vuqç;ksx esa o`f) gqbZ gS {ks=h; vyxko ls tw> jgk gSA

3- lapkj volajpuk esa vlekurk,¡ ,f'k;kbZ {ks= esa lapkj esa dkQh vlekurk gS fofHkUu ns'kksa vkSj fofHkUu çdkj ds mi;ksxdrkZ lewgksa esa cqfu;knh <k¡pkA tcfd oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh leqnk; ds chp cgqr dqN gS lk>k djus ds fy, mHkjrh lapkj çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk mi;ksx djus dk mRlkg okLrfod le; dh tkudkjh ds lkFk&lkFk LFkkuh; Kku vkSj vuqHko fu.kZ; ysus okys çca/ku ds fy, lcls vf/kd ftEesnkj gksrs gSa vkinkvksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gS cfYd lapkj ds ikjaifjd lk/kuA

4- LFkkuh; uoçorZu dk nksgu djuk gkyk¡fd lapkj volajpuk esa vlekurk,¡ ekStwn gSa] fQj Hkh cgqr dqN gS LFkkuh; uokpkj ftldk nksgu djus vkSj u, ds lkFk ,dh—r djus dh vko';drk gS çkS|ksfxfd;k¡A

5- vkink çca/ku ds fy, eYVh&uksM lapkj usVodZ dh vksj ijaijkxr :i ls] vkinkvksa esa lapkj çkS|ksfxdh dk vuqç;ksx gksrk jgk gS ;g lSU; vfHk;kuksa esa lekurkvksa ls çsfjr gS] tks ,d lqifjHkkf"kr dekaM&vkSj fu;a=.k lajpuk dk ikyu djrs gSaA gkyk¡fd] bl ij tksj c<+ jgk gS vkink çca/ku dk lkeqnkf;d Lrj vkSj blls Hkh cM+s Lrj ij gLrkarj.k leqnk; vk/kkfjr vkink çca/ku dh çHkko'khyrk dh ekU;rk vko';drk gksxh fd vkink çca/ku leqnk; bl ij xkSj djs mHkjrs lapkj ds vuqç;ksx ds fy, uohu –f"Vdks.k vkink çca/ku esa çkS|ksfxfd;k¡A

6- Hkk"kk dh ck/kk ij dkcw ikuk tcfd ubZ lapkj çkS|ksfxfd;ksa us lk>kdj.k fd;k gS Kku vkSj lwpuk cgqr rst vkSj fo'oluh; gksus tk jgh gS] Hkk"kk bu çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds çHkkoh vuqç;ksx esa ,d çeq[k ck/kkA

vkink çca/ku dh çfØ;k ds nkSjku tulapkj ek/;e jkgr iSekuksa dks VsyhdkLV djus dh Hkwfedk dks vnk dj ldrk gS] vkSj vkinkvksa dh fujarj tk¡p çfØ;k dk Hkh çlkj.k dj ldrk gSA tulapkj ek/;e vkink çHkkforksa dks lpsr dj ldrk gS] ;k çHkkfor yksxksa dks D;k djsa ;k u djsa] blds çfr Hkh lpsr dj ldrk gS vkinkvksa ds vkus ls igys] nwjlapkj dks vklUu [krjs ds ckjs esa tkudkjh çlkfjr djus ds fy, ,d ek/;e ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlls yksxksa ds fy, bu [krjksa ds çHkko dks de djus ds fy, vko';d lko/kkuh cjruk laHko gks tkrk gSA,d vkikrdkyhu lapkj ;kstuk ¼bZlh ;kstuk½ ,d nLrkost gS tks fn'kkfunsZ'k] laidZ tkudkjh vkSj çfØ;k,a çnku djrk gS fd fdlh vçR;kf'kr ?kVuk ds lHkh pj.kksa ds nkSjku tkudkjh dSls lk>k dh tkuh pkfg, ftlds fy, rRdky dkjZokbZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

vkink çca/ku dk vFkZ gS fd ,sls lHkh mik; fd, tkus pkfg, ftlls [krjk vkink dk :i u ys ldsA pwafd] ge dbZ çk—frd [krjksa dks vkus ls ugha jksd ldrs gSa] ysfdu thou vkSj laifÙk ds uqdlku dks de djus ds fy, mfpr çca/ku }kjk muds gkfudkjd çHkkoksa dks de dj ldrs gSaA vkink,a çk—frd ;k ekuoh; [krjksa ds ifj.kke gSaAHkkjr esa nwjn'kZu] ekSle foKku vkSj vkink lEca/kh psrkouh nsus ds fy, bafM;u us'kuy lsVsykbZV ¼bulsV½ vkSj lalk/kuksa dh [kkst ,oa çca/ku ds fy, bafM;u fjeksV lsaflax lsVsykbZV ¼vkbZå vkjå ,lå½ 'kkfey gSaA lapkj mixzg varfj{k esa LFkkfir jsfM;ks fjys LVs'ku ¼dkelsV~l] lsVdkEl] lsVQksu½ gh gSaA

fu"d"kZ %&

vkink çca/ku vyx {ks= ;k 'kk[kk ugha gS] cfYd fdlh Hkh {ks= —f"k] vkS|ksfxd] i;kZoj.kh;] lkekftd vkfn ij çHkko Mkyus okys vkinkvksa ls lacaf/kr leL;k vksa ds lek/kku gsrq ,d –f"Vdks.k gSA varr% vkink çca/ku dh] vkink }kjk çHkkfor gksus dh laHkkouk okys lHkh {ks=ksa] lHkh laxBuksa rFkk lHkh vfHkdj.kksa dh ftEes~nkjh gS ,oa fo|eku lalk/kuks dk mi;ksx djrs gq, lalk/ku ,oa de ykxrksa esa n{krk lqfuf'pr djuk gS A vkink, lkekU;k :i ls thou vkSj laifÙk dk O;k,id uqdlku djrh gS vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl ij foijhr çHkko Mkyrh gSA

ftyk ç'kklu] v.M~eku rFkk fudksckj }hilewg ds laiw.kZ&lekt vkfFkZd fodkl ds vfgrdj çHkko dks de djus ds fy, vkink çca/ku esa ltx] O;kid ,oa lrr –f"Vdks.k dh vko';drk ij cy nsrh gSA fdlh Hkh vkink çca/ku uhfr dk eq[;x mís';; vkink tksf[keksa dks de djus ds fy, vko';d ç.kkfy;ksa] lajpukvksa] dk;ZØeksa] lalk/kuksa] {kerkvksa vkSj ekxZn'khZ fl)karks dks LFkklfir djuk gS rFkk ftanxh vkSj laifÙk dks cpkus ds fy,] nSfud xfrfof/k;ksa esa ck/kk] i;kZoj.k ds uqdlku dks jksdus ds fy,] vkinkvksa vkSj muls gksus okys [krjksa ls fuiVus ds fy, rS;kj jguk gS vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd fodklkRevkd dk;Z lrr vkSj yxkrkj pyrk jgsaA

ftyk ç'kklu ds ikl ,d vyx vkink çca/ku çdks"Be gSA vkink çca/ku çdks"Bs dk dk;Z – fu;a=.k d{k dh LFkkiuk djuk] psrkouh dk çlkj djuk] vkink ds nkSjku jkgr vkSj cpko mik;ksa dh fuxjkuh] rS;kjh dk fu/kkZj.k] ekud&çpkyu çfØ;k dh rS;kjh ,oa ladyu] jkgr xksnke rFkk vfU; foHkkxksa esa vkink dh rS;kjh ls lacaf/kr lkefxz;ksa ds forj.k] vkink dh laosnu'khyrk dk ewY;kakdu] lkeqnkf;d vk/kkfjr vkink çca/ku ;kstuk dh rS;kjh] e‚dfMªy rFkk çf'k{k.k bR;kwfn ds ek/;ke ls tkx:drk mRiUu djuk gS A

lUnHkZ lwph %&

1. https://highereducation.mp.gov.in

2. https://egyankosh.ac.in

3. https://translate.google.com

4. https://kheri.nic.in

Received on 28.05.2024 Revised on 05.08.2024

Accepted on 23.09.2024 Published on 18.12.2024

Available online on December 27, 2024

Int. J. Ad. Social Sciences. 2024; 12(4):223-226.

DOI: 10.52711/2454-2679.2024.00036

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